C2H2 Lewis Structure

C2H2 Lewis Structure: Explained (2023 Updated)

Ethyne (C2H2), commonly known as Acetylene, is a gaseous alkyne hydrocarbon. It is a chemical compound widely used as a fuel in oxyacetylene welding and cutting metals. 

Knowing the C2H2 Lewis Structure allows us to understand this chemical compound’s chemical properties and the shape of the molecules.

Lewis Structure of C2H2 Explained

C2H2 consists of a simple structure of two Carbon atoms and two hydrogen atoms.

All four atoms are in a single line with one Hydrogen atom bonded at each end, while the Carbon atoms are in the center with a triple bond.

The Hydrogen and Carbon atoms are positioned linearly with a symmetrical arrangement on both sides.

It is classified as linearly aligned with 180° along its axis.

This molecule is also nonpolar due to having an electronegativity difference of 0.35 and a net-zero dipole moment across the molecule.

Lewis Structure of C2H2

Understanding Its Properties and Structure

Understanding Its Properties and Structure

Lewis Structure of C2H2

It’s important to know the electronic configuration of Carbon (C) and Hydrogen to determine the Lewis Structure of C2H2. Carbon (C) has an electronic configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p2. Its atomic number is 6. Meanwhile, Hydrogen (H) has an electronic configuration of 1s1. 

As per the octet rule, an atom can stabilize by stabilizing the number of valence electrons. There are eight valence electrons for Carbon and two valence electrons for Hydrogen. T

Shape of C2H2

The structure of the C2H2 has a basic linear shape. The Carbon atoms and Hydrogen atoms are bonded and arranged in a straight line. The atom arrangement is symmetrical in the center and on any side of the molecule.

Valence Electrons of C2H2

The Hydrogen atoms only need one valence electron to attain a stable lewis structure. Bonding with the Carbon atom, the Hydrogen atoms will share one valence electron of each Carbon atom. 

The octets of both the Hydrogen atoms are complete leaving only the Carbon atoms with an incomplete octet. The Carbon atoms form a triple bond as they share their remaining three valence electrons to attain a stable condition.

Hybridization of C2H2

Sp is the hybridization of carbon atoms in Acetylene (C2H2).

Moreover, there are unhybridized 1s atomic orbitals in the hydrogen atoms that have unhybridized 1s atomic orbitals. 

In sp hybridization, the s orbital of the central atom can only bind with one of its p orbitals.

There will always be a linear molecular geometry in atoms that show sp hybridization.

Therefore, two sp orbitals will be held at 180° to each other.

Hybridization of C2H2

Molecular Geometry of C2H2

Acetylene (C2H2) is a tetra atomic molecule with two different atoms that bond in equal numbers. Additionally, Acetylene (C2H2) has a linear structure and a bond angle of 180° because of the Carbon bonding to the other Carbon atom. 

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion theory states that the valence electrons surrounding an atom in the pair tend to repel each other until they reach an arrangement where this repulsion is minimized.

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Bond Angle of C2H2

The Carbon and Hydrogen atoms are positioned on the same plane.

Both the Carbon atoms serve as the center atom and are bonded with each other.

The Hydrogen atom is bonded to each of the ends of the Carbon atom, forming a linear bond formation with an angle of 180°.

Bond Angle of C2H2

Polarity of C2H2

C2H2 is nonpolar because the electronegativity difference between Carbon and Hydrogen is 0.35. The electronegative difference between two constituent elements should be greater than the value of 0.4.

The nature of C-H bonds is nonpolar covalent. This makes the complete C2H2 molecule a nonpolar molecule. It also has a net-zero dipole moment across the molecule.

Molecular Orbital (MO) Diagram of C2H2

The basic principle of The Molecular Orbital (MO) Diagram is that atomic orbitals combine and overlap to form a similar number of molecular orbitals. This happens when electrons move to different orbitals as electrons get excited. A molecular diagram specific to each molecule in the periodic table is born when electrons move from their original positions and form bonding and antibonding orbitals.

Drawing the C2H2 Lewis Structure

Distribute the electrons around the central atom to fill the outer shell of each atom. The C2H2 has a total number of 10 valence electrons. Place the least electronegative atom in the center and the Hydrogen outside.

Place the two electrons between atoms to form a bond and complete octets on the outside atoms. If the central atom does not have an octet, move electrons from outer atoms to form double or triple bonds.

FAQS

C2H2 is linear. It consists of both the Carbon atoms taking the central position. The two hydrogen atoms form single bonds at the ends of each Carbon atom, forming a line.

C2h2 is triple bonded because Carbon atoms share their remaining three valence electrons to attain a stable condition.

Key Takeaways

Acetylene [1] is the simplest member of the hydrocarbon series, which contains one or more pairs of carbon atoms that are linked by triple bonds. Understanding the properties, such as molecular geometry, hybridization, polarity, and molecular orbital, can help understand the behavioral properties of the C2H2 molecule.

In conclusion to this article, C2H2 is a linear molecule consisting of two carbon atoms and two hydrogen atoms. It has an sp hybridization and a bond angle of 180°. Ethyne has a ten total number of valence electrons. Also, there are no unshared electrons because the valence electrons are used up in the structure.

Thank you for reading this far! I hope that the information provided in this article will be helpful to you.

Reference:

  1. https://www.britannica.com/science/acetyleneIntermolecular-Force.pdf
Best Science Kits For 6-Year-Olds

10 Best Science Kits For 6-Year-Olds Reviewed (2023 Updated)

Getting our kids excited about science is something we should do in our own way. Having fun with science is a great way to introduce them to various forms of scientific inquiry. 

So, if discovering and exploring science is your child’s interest, we listed the best science kits for 6-year-olds that they will surely enjoy!

OUR #1 RATED

Creativity For Kids Grow 'n Glow Terrarium Kit For Kids

OUR #2 RATED

Butterfly Garden: Farm Habitat And Live Cup Of Caterpillars

OUR #3 RATED

Insect Lore - Butterfly Growing Kit

Top 10 Science Kits For 6 Years Olds

1. Creativity For Kids Grow 'n Glow Terrarium Kit For Kids

The Grow ‘N Glow Terrarium is an indoor activity that allows kids to explore the wonders of nature and science.

This kit includes what young botanists would need that will enable them to create their own mini-ecosystem, including soil, sand, stones, figurines, quick grow seeds, and stickers for added decoration.  

Every kid will surely enjoy this science kit as they can layer, plant, and decorate their ecosystem the way they want.

It will not only boosts their scientific knowledge but their artistic skills as well.

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CONS

2. Butterfly Garden: Farm Habitat And Live Cup Of Caterpillars

This interactive science kit lets kids watch as caterpillars transform into butterflies.

It is an engaging educational activity that enables them to care for and learn about these insects.

Kids can interact with the insects for approximately three weeks while the insects are going through a metamorphosis. 

With this Butterfly Garden, every kid will enjoy growing caterpillars, watch them transform, and set butterflies free to continue their lifecycle!

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CONS

3. Insect Lore - Butterfly Growing Kit

This is another fun and educational kit that lets kids care for live insects as they go through metamorphosis.

Kids can look on as insects transform into beautiful butterflies for three weeks.

More than just a science toy, this kit provides a glimpse into the world’s most spectacular butterfly transformations. 

If your child is fascinated by butterflies so much, this can be one of the best science kits they can ever have! 

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4. Light-Up Terrarium Kit For Kids

This fun and educational science kit is ideal for kids of all ages.

It’s a great way to introduce them to the world of science and make them feel like they’re part of it.

The kit comes with everything the kids need to create their own terrarium, including soil, sand, and rocks, with colorful stickers for decorations.

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5. Scientific Explorer's My First Mind Blowing Science Experiment Kit

Scientific Explorer is a fun and easy-to-use science kit that allows your kids to create their own science lab at home.

You can let your kids try various scientific experiments, such as erupting a volcano and growing colorful crystals.

Also, kids will learn about the basic principles behind science and improve their critical thinking skills while having fun!

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6. Essendon Slime Kit - Slime Supplies Slime Making Kit

This is a perfect stress relief science kit for boys and girls!

Kids love playing with slime, so this is an ideal kit whether your child is looking for a toy for sensory play, holiday fun, or slime party favor.

So, boost your child’s creativity, develop motor skills, and improve their hand and eye coordination with this fun and educational play!

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7. Uncle Milton Ant Farm Antopia Rainforest Ant Habitat

Let your kids take a closer look as ants work underground to build their tunnels.

Kids will surely be amazed at how the ants carry their sand back and forth!

This educational kit allows kids ages six and up to explore the fascinating world of ants and learn more about ants’ life and behavior.

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8. 9iuoom Fort Building Kit For Kids

This kids’ ultimate forts builder kit allows them to create their own fantasy world by building various structures such as a cave, play tent, igloo, princess castle, and a tunnel.

Also, playing with other kids or family members helps promote teambuilding skills and how to associate with others! 

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CONS

9. The Thames And Kosmos Kids First Chemistry Set Science Kit

This fun chemistry kit for kids lets them explore the basic principles of chemistry.

It features a variety of tools and equipment that can be used to conduct experiments safely.

They can also learn how to identify different chemicals by conducting simple experiments.

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CONS

10. Dinosaur Fossil Digging Kit For Kids

For me, this is one of the best science kits for 6-year-olds, especially if your child loves dinosaurs very much!

Foster your child’s love for science and paleontology in an exciting and fun way with this

Dinosaur Fossil Digging Kit. Kids will surely love digging dinosaur fossils while ensuring their safety with its environmentally-safe materials.

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Buying Guide

buying guide

Subject of Interest

Some great science kits are geared toward a specific subject, such as: 

Biology: This may include activities usually related to gardening and growing plants.

Chemistry: This may consist of color-changing chemicals, invisible ink, or growing jiggly crystals.

Physics: Introduces the idea of building a robot or learning about energy and momentum.

Fully Equipped

A good kit includes all the necessary equipment to do a science project. It’s good to have all the supplies to make it easier for kids to do activities at home or in school. 

Step-by-Step Instruction

A good science kit should have a step-by-step approach to be used in a more challenging way for a more classroom-like learning experience.

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Quality

One of the essential factors you should consider when choosing a science kit is making sure that the product works properly. This is also beneficial for your child as they will be more engaged in the activities. 

Age Appropriate

Look for an appropriate science kit for your child’s age. Those kits meant for older kids often require more analytical skills and contain hazardous materials, and they might be challenging or unsafe for younger kids.

Price Value

Look for a science kit that suits your budget. Or, most importantly, choose the one that’s worth its price.

FAQS

At six years old, children should begin to identify elements in their environment that are different from man-made objects, such as rocks, trees, and water. Children will develop an understanding of various scientific topics, such as physical sciences, life sciences, and space sciences. They will also be focused on developing their knowledge of the world around them [1].

To get your child interested in science, you can introduce science in a fun and engaging way by doing scientific activities or giving them science-based toys. One good example is providing them with science kits that will surely capture their interest.

Key Takeaways

Science comes with many benefits to children. But, since it’s a broad subject, you must find something that your child finds interesting. 

Hopefully, you find something exciting on our list of the best science kits for 6-year-olds and up! With these science kits, kids can explore, experiment, and learn some of the science basics in a fun and engaging way. Enjoy! 

Thank you for reading this far! I hope that the information provided in this article will be helpful to you.

OUR # 1 Recommendation

Creativity For Kids Grow 'n Glow Terrarium Kit For Kids

H2S Lewis Structure

H2S Lewis Structure: About Hydrogen Sulfide (2023 Updated)

The hydrogen sulfide chemical formula is H2S. It’s toxic and explosive, with the smell like rotten eggs. Additionally, it endangers the ecology.

For more details about hydrogen sulfide, our group gathered below some interesting facts, including the H2S Lewis structure, molecular geometry, and the guide on how to draw the Lewis structure of H2S.

Understanding the H2S Lewis Structure

Understanding the H2S Lewis Structure

Hydrogen Sulfide’s Lewis Structure is simple to draw and comprehend. Both hydrogen atoms in this combination require one valence electron to form a covalent bond with Sulfur. To meet the condition for the octet rule, Sulfur requires eight electrons. However, because Hydrogen is a Group 1 element, it only needs one electron to make hydrogen stable.

Arrange the valence electrons of the Sulfur around it in the center. Now, place two Hydrogen atoms on each side of the central atom. By contributing an electron to both Hydrogen atoms, the valence electrons of Sulfur are utilized to make Hydrogen persistent. 

Since the remaining four electrons are lone pairs of electrons, they appear as dots near the Sulfur atom. This combination has H atoms with a complete valence shell and two non-bonding electrons.

Closer Look at the Structure

Closer Look at the Structure

Hybridization

The central Sulfur atom is in the middle, along with the two hydrogen atoms forming the bond angle of 92.1 degrees or less than 180. Calculate the number of atoms that are connected to the central atom. Second, count the number of lone pairs on that central atom. 

So, there are four lone pair electrons around Sulfur, implying that Sulfur has two lone pairs. Finally, add the number of attached atoms to the central atom + the number of lone pairs of that central atom. As a result, four indicates that H2S hybridization is Sp3.

Valence Electrons

In the compound, there are two hydrogen atoms and one sulfur atom. Sum the valence electrons of both the Hydrogen and Sulfur atoms to get the total number of valence electrons in Hydrogen Sulfide.

Each hydrogen atom has only one electron. As a result, the Hydrogen atom has two valence electrons, two atoms, while the Sulfur atom has six. As a result, H2S has a total of eight valence electrons.

Molecular Geometry

Because the two lone pair electrons on the sulfur core atom oppose each other and nearby bonded pair electrons, the molecular geometry of H2S is bent.

As a result, these pairs take the least repulsion location and achieve stability.

Thus, the final form or molecular geometry of H2S resembles a V-shaped or bent structure.

Molecular Geometry of H2S

Bond Angle

A bond angle of fewer than 180 degrees exists between two sulfur atoms in the central atom of the h2s molecule. The molecule bends due to two unbonded electron pairs. Due to the electronegativity values of Hydrogen and Sulfur, it is considered a slightly polar molecule.

Acid or Base?

Hydrogen sulfide has the chemical formula H2S.

The formula indicates that it is composed of two hydrogens and one sulfide atom.

Slightly denser than air, it has the potential to be extremely explosive.

Hydrogen sulfide burns blue when combined with oxygen, forming sulfur dioxide and water.

t is water-soluble and functions as a weak acid. 

Polarity

Hydrogen Sulfide is a somewhat polar molecule due to its bent geometric structure and the tiny difference in their electronegativity value between Hydrogen and Sulfur, which results in a non-zero net dipole moment. 

Molar Mass

H2S has a density of 1.363 g dm-3 and a molar mass of 34.08 g/mol. H2S has a melting and boiling point of -82°C and -60°C, respectively. The covalent bond formation in H2S is formed when the sulfur atom completes its octet by sharing two electrons with two hydrogen atoms.

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How to Draw H2S Lewis Structure

How to Draw H2S Lewis Structure

Here are the following ways on how to draw an H2S Lewis structure.

  1. Determine how many valence electrons H2S has. Sulfur is in the 16th group of the periodic table and hence has six valence electrons, while Hydrogen has two. 
  2. Next, figure out the central atom. Draw a skeleton structure of H2S using just single bonds. Remember that Hydrogen requires a single electron to complete its valence shells.
  3. Distribute electron pairs among the atoms. The central sulfur atom transfers electrons to both nearby hydrogens. In creating a bond, two out of six valence electrons participate.
  4. Distribute the remaining electrons among the remaining atoms. The outer shell of Hydrogen is already full because it shares two electrons with a single bond. So, no need to put electrons around the H atom.
  5. Finally, reduce the charges on the H2S atom by converting lone pairs to covalent bonds.

Uses of H2S

  • Sulfur and sulfuric acid are produced as a result of this process. [1]
  • Pesticides, leather, and medications are all made with this chemical.
  • It is also utilized in nuclear power facilities to manufacture heavy water, a byproduct of nuclear power.
  • H2S is a chemical compound that is utilized in chemical analysis.
  • It can also be used as a disinfectant in agricultural settings.
  • It is the primary source of elemental Sulfur.
  • It is required to function in signaling pathways in the human body properly.

FAQS

H2S has two lone pairs and two bound pairs, according to the Lewis structure of H2S. Four zones of electron density always form a tetrahedral electron geometry; therefore, the electron geometry of H2S is tetrahedral.

H2S has a bent molecular geometry. The repulsion causes the bond pairs to alter form from straight to curved. Electron geometry considers the electrons and unshared pairs for determining the shape of H2S, whereas molecular geometry examines just the molecules’ linked atoms.

The type of intermolecular force that the H2s molecule is dipole-dipole force. According to VSEPR theory, this indicates that the molecule’s structure is asymmetrical, and as a result of its asymmetrical form, the molecule is slightly polar. Polar molecules participate in intermolecular interactions called dipole-dipole forces. [2]

In Conclusion

To conclude, these are the key takeaways. Hydrogens make a single bond with the sulfur atom in the H2S lewis structure. The total valence electron of H2S is 8 with a bond angle of 180 degrees. H2S is a polar molecule with curved molecular geometry.

The Lewis or lewis dot structure plays an important role in determining a compound’s electron and molecular geometry. According to the Lewis structure of H2S, two hydrogen atoms are located on either side of the center sulfur.

Thank you for reading this far! I hope that the information provided in this article will be helpful to you.

References:

  1. https://sciencing.com/uses-hydrogen-sulfide-5515916.html 
  2. https://brocku.ca/student-life-success/wp-content/uploads/sites/220/Learning-Services-Student-Resources-Intermolecular-Force.pdf
CH3OH Polar or Nonpolar

Is CH3OH Polar or Non-polar? (2023 Updated)

The simplest kind of alcohol is methanol, which has a methyl group connected to the hydroxyl group. Methanol is colorless and has an odor that is comparable to ethanol. It is explosive and light. Additionally, it is a polar solvent that is occasionally referred to as wood alcohol due to its origins in wood distillation. 

And to answer is CH3OH polar or nonpolar molecule, we gathered below the details about the polarity of this element.

CH3OH: Is It Polar Or Non-polar?

CH3OH or methanol is a polar molecule. Methanol is a polar molecule because the OH group dominates, and oxygen is more electronegative than carbon and hydrogen atoms, making it polar. As a result, oxygen is partially negatively charged, while carbon and hydrogen are positively charged. 

CH3OH cannot be non-polar due to the charge difference between the atoms in the methanol. Because of the two lone pairs of electrons, oxygen atoms have a higher electron density.

These pairs result in a net dipole pointing toward the Oxygen atom, making methanol a polar molecule. Apart from the difference in electronegativity, the CH3OH has an asymmetric shape, which eliminates the possibility of non-polarity. [1]

CH3OH Methanol Molecule

Understanding Its Structure

Understanding Its Structure

Polarity

Methanol is polar because of the dominance of the OH group, which is polar because oxygen is more electronegative than the other atoms. As a result, O acquires a negative fractional charge, whereas carbon and hydrogen acquire a positive charge.

Bond Angles

In the chemical, the core Carbon atom forms four bonds, three with a Hydrogen atom and one with the hydroxyl group. Because this carbon atom is sp3 hybridized and forms a tetrahedron, it possesses a 109.5-degree bond angle, including its bonding atoms.

On the other hand, O forms a one sigma bond with two lone pairs, resulting in a bond angle bend caused by bound pair-lone pair repulsion forces. The bond angle is minimized to 104.5° as a result of this.

Hybridization

The oxygen has four sp3 hybrid orbitals since it is sp3 hybridized.

The O-H sigma bonds are molded when one of the sp3 hybridized orbitals collides with a hydrogen’s s orbitals.

The C-O sigma bond is created when an sp3 hybridized orbital collides with an sp3 hybridized orbital from carbon.

The remaining sp3 hybridized orbital contains both sets of lone pair electrons on the oxygen.

Hybridization

Molecular Geometry

When the Lewis structure of CH3OH is analyzed, it does not appear to be a symmetrical molecule. However, to evaluate if CH3OH is polar, we must analyze the molecular geometry. There is unequal sharing of electrons and a net dipole in CH3OH. CH3OH- is thus a polar molecule.

Molar Mass

Methanol is a polar solvent that is occasionally referred to as wood alcohol due to its origins in wood distillation.

Methanol has a molecular mass of 32.04 g/mol.

It has a boiling point of 64.7°, and its melting point is −97.6 °.

Due to its low melting point, CH3OH is also used as a gasoline additive.

Additionally, it is utilized in the production of acetic acid and formaldehyde.

Molar Mass

Acid or Base

Methanol is a weak acid. Hence its conjugate base is very strong. It is alkyl alcohol, a volatile organic compound, and a primary alcohol. It is the conjugate acid of methoxide. 

Methanol is the simplest alcohol, containing one carbon, three hydrogen bonds, and one hydroxyl group. Additionally, this is referred to as methyl alcohol.

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Factors Affecting CH3OH Polarity

Factors Affecting CH3OH Polarity

Dipole moment

One of the factors in determining the polarity of a molecule is its dipole moments. The polarity of a molecule is identified by its dipole moment. Additionally, the dipole moment is related to a molecule’s polarity. The stronger the molecule’s dipole moment, the more polar it is. 

Geometrical Shape

The molecules that have symmetrical geometrical structures are considered nonpolar molecules in nature. If any polar bonds are present inside the molecule, they are canceled by each other, making the whole molecule nonpolar. 

The molecules with asymmetric structure and polar bonds inside them result in a net dipole moment and make them polar.

Electronegativity

Polar molecules are molecules where atoms share an unequal proportion of bonded electrons. The electronegativity of an atom determines its capacity to attract bonding electrons. [2]

The more electronegative atom draws the bonded atoms slightly toward a molecule with two atoms. It obtains a partial negative charge, while the other atom gains a partial positive charge. Also, a chemical is polar if a charge separation happens on it. 

Geometrical Structure

The central atom is unpaired and forms four sigma bonds with three hydrogen atoms and one hydroxyl group. When carbon is considered the center, the form of the methanol molecule is tetrahedral. Oxygen forms a bent shape by forming two sigma bonds with two lone pairs attached. The angle of the bond is approximately 104.5 degrees.

Uses of H2S

  • Sulfur and sulfuric acid are produced as a result of this process. [1]
  • Pesticides, leather, and medications are all made with this chemical.
  • It is also utilized in nuclear power facilities to manufacture heavy water, a byproduct of nuclear power.
  • H2S is a chemical compound that is utilized in chemical analysis.
  • It can also be used as a disinfectant in agricultural settings.
  • It is the primary source of elemental Sulfur.
  • It is required to function in signaling pathways in the human body properly.

FAQS

No, CH3OH is an asymmetrical molecule. The form of the methanol (CH3OH) is asymmetrical. A molecule’s symmetry plays a significant role in defining its polarity. The ionic bond is formed among charged atoms. Some examples of ionic molecules are KCl, NaCl, etc.

The O-H bond is the most polar in the methanol molecule. The oxygen atom has a greater electronegative charge than the carbon and hydrogen atoms. As a result, O gains a partial negative charge, resulting in a polar bond.

Key Takeaways

Due to the uneven charge distribution of the atoms and the asymmetric molecular structure of methanol, it is polar. CH3OH is a polar molecule because its asymmetric structure does not eliminate the dipole-dipole moment. Additionally, the molecule generates a net dipole moment. Methanol contains covalent bonds, and polar or nonpolar covalent bonds are possible. 

When two atoms create a covalent bond, polar molecules are formed when the charge distributions of the atoms are uneven. In contrast, nonpolar molecules have an identical charge distribution, making a covalent connection between both atoms. The exchange of electrons between atoms occurs when two or more atoms create a chemical bond to form a molecule.

Thank you for reading this far! I hope that the information provided in this article will be helpful to you.

References:

  1. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/polar-covalent-bond  
  2. https://www.thoughtco.com/examples-of-polar-and-nonpolar-molecules-608516
SO3 Lewis Structure

SO3 Lewis Structure: About Sulfur Trioxide (2023 Updated)

SO3 is the formula for the chemical compound Sulfur Trioxide. This chemical compound plays a vital role in producing sulfuric acid for industrial purposes.

But, SO3 is the primary contributor to acid rain in the atmosphere and is a form of pollution. So, let’s dive deep into the subject and know the SO3 Lewis structure, its molecular geometry, polarization, and hybridization.

Understanding the Lewis Structure of SO3

First of all, the Lewis Structure, also known as the electron dot structure, determines the number of valence electrons present in an atom.

It also shows how these electrons play a role in the bond formation process, which allows the formation of a molecule like SO3 (a trigonal planar molecule). This structure illustrates the number of bond electron pairs and valence electrons within the Sulfur Trioxide molecule through a certain geometric manner. 

Moreover, the Lewis structure helps in understanding the number and nature of a bond through lines. In fact, this structure is an important component for anybody studying atomic chemistry.

Understanding the Lewis Structure of SO3

Its Properties & Structure

Its Properties & Structure

The structure of SO3 is trigonal pyramidal. But, can you enumerate its different properties and structures? So, let me explain them to you. 

SO3 Lewis Structure 

The sulfur trioxide SO3 is a tetra-atomic chemical molecule where three oxygen molecules and a sulfur bond have the same number of valence electrons.

There are three double bonds around a sulfur atom with oxygen atoms in a SO (Sulfur Monoxide) molecule. Each of these bonds has two lone pairs in the SO3 Lewis structure. However, there is no one lone pair on the sulfur atom in the lewis structure of the SO2 (Sulfur Dioxide).

SO3 Molecular Geometry

The molecular geometry of an SO3 molecule ion can be predicted by using the molecular hybridization and the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR Theory), and the molecular hybridization theory. 

The molecular geometry of Sulfur Trioxide SO3 is trigonal planar as the three S O bond is a nearly double bond tilted at a 120-degree bond angle with an electronegativity difference between a central sulfur and oxygen atoms.

This difference allows for a greater electron cloud produced by the presence of both sulfur atom and oxygen atom. 

SO3 Molecular Geometry

SO3 Hybridization

Single shared double covalent bonds have double bonds – one sigma bond and one pi bond. So, in a single SO3 molecule, the total number of sigma bonds is three, and the total number of lone pairs is zero. 

All atoms possess sp2 hybridization, and oxygen atom have two lone pairs and one sigma bond. As a result, the hybridization of oxygen atoms must be sp2. Then for one sulfur atom, it has no lone pair but has three sigma bonds, and its hybridization is also sp2.

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SO3 Polarity

Are you confused about whether SO3 is polar or non-polar?

Then, let me explain to you in the simplest way. 

SO3 is non-polar. All oxygen atoms are symmetrical, having the same number of lone pair electrons and bonds.

If we use the VSEPR Theory, we can conclude that as all oxygen spreads out, they repulse each other, which shows SO3 as non-polar.

As SO3 is trigonal planar and has no positive and negative charges, it has equal charge distribution on the center atom.

SO3 Polarity

Steps In Drawing SO3 Lewis Structure

Steps In Drawing SO3 Lewis Structure

Learning how to draw SO3 Lewis structures is vital to every chemistry student.

The key to learning it is to understand the practice and steps.

  • Find the total valence electron for the SO3 molecule. You can use the periodic table of elements. 
  • Place the least electronegative atom in the center. Remember that H always goes outside. 
  • Place two valence electrons in between atoms to form a chemical bond. 
  • Follow the octet rule, complete octets outside atoms. Note that H only needs two valence electrons. 
  • Based on the octet rule, move the valence electron from outer atoms if the center atom does not have an octet to form double to triple bonds. 

Additional steps:

  • If there are extra electrons after following the steps above, you can add them to the central atom. Note that elements in Period Three (or Third Row Elements) can have more than six valence electrons.

Lastly, check the Formal Charges to ensure you have the perfect Lewis Structure [1].

FAQS

Primarily, SO3 has three structures, but when you set it out completely, there are seven resonance structures altogether.

There are three bonds of electrons in the SO3 chemical structure, where three double bonds contain four electrons each.

Key Takeaways

Sulfur Trioxide is one of the Period Three elements, which accommodates more than six electrons. It’s fascinating to know that SO3’s molecular behavior is not as extraordinary as other elements that have the same components. 

As we discussed SO3, its Lewis structure, molecular geometry, hybridization, and polarity, for sure, you can now create a molecular structure with ease. So cheers to that!

Thank you for reading this far! I hope that the information provided in this article will be helpful to you.

Reference:

  1. https://terpconnect.umd.edu/~wbreslyn/chemistry/Lewis-Structures/lewis-structure-for-SO3.html
Best Stem Toys for 9-Year-Olds

15 Best STEM Toys for 9-Year-Olds (2023 Updated)

Kids are naturally curious and like to explore everything around them. It is important to provide them with instruments to encourage this natural curiosity and help them grow as individuals. STEM toys are designed to do just that. 

This article will take a look at the best STEM toys for 9-year-olds. Keep scrolling.

OUR #1 RATED

Gravity Maze Marble Run Brain Game and STEM Toy

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SmartLab Toys Squishy Human Body

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Vector® 2.0 AI Robot Companion

Top 15 STEM Toys for 9-Year-Olds

1. Gravity Maze Marble Run Brain Game and STEM Toy

Thinkfun Gravity Maze Marble Run Brain Game is a gravity-powered maze game.

It develops your child’s critical thinking skills and ties into STEM subjects.

It’s for kids ages eight and up and comes with 60 challenges with increasing difficulty.

Gravity Maze Marble Run Brain Game builds spatial reasoning and planning skills.

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2. SmartLab Toys Squishy Human Body

Perfect for budding scientists ages eight and up, it’s a fun way to learn the human body’s inner workings.

It includes a 12″ clear plastic human body model, plastic bones and muscles, and squishy vital organs.

It also comes with a 24-page anatomy book with illustrations and answers to common body functions questions.

PROS

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3. Vector® 2.0 AI Robot Companion

It’s a voice-activated STEM toy that answers questions, takes photos of you, and is packed with technology that brings this robot to life.

It has a built-in Alexa that allows the Vector to be more helpful in your home.

What we like about this smart robot are the 5mp resolution camera and the increased battery life.

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4. MindWare KEVA Brainbuilders - 3D Brain-Building STEM

The MindWare KEVA Brainbuilders is an interactive STEM tool to teach the basics of physics and engineering concepts.

It includes an idea book to guide your kids to duplicate the balance and composition on each card successfully.

The creative building sets promote spatial reasoning and problem-solving skills for your kids, who could be future engineers.

The games have various levels of difficulty.

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5. ThinkFun Code Master Programming Logic Game &STEM Toy

Code Master helps build your child’s reasoning and planning skills.

It includes ten maps with 60 levels to solve.

It has increasing difficulty as your child plays through them.

If your kids love smart games and a challenge, Code Master might be the educational toy for your 9-year-olds.

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6. 5 Set STEM Kit

Designed to enhance kids’ science, Technology, Engineering, and Math skills, this STEM toy inspires young inventors to create mini tanks and aircraft cars.

It contains 5 set module parts. It helps stimulate the child’s creative skills and improve hand-eye coordination.

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7. Magical Microbes MudWatt STEM Kit

Mudwatt is a fun way to learn how electricity works.

This STEM kit lets you build renewable energy that runs on microbes that feed on soil.

The Classic Kit includes 20-page educational instructions, a Mudwatt explorer app, 2-power harvesting graphite disks, LED blinker board, nitrile gloves, and a digital clock.

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8. Makeblock mBot STEM Projects for Kids

If your child is into technology, electrical engineering, and math, the mBot Robot Kit might be the great STEM toy for your nine-year-old.

Teach children coding skills, logical thinking, and electronics and robotics components in a fun way.

This coding robot kit is an excellent educational toy for a child to build a robot.

This comes with a free mBlock App to program the robot.

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9. Wonder Workshop Dash – Coding Robot for Kids

Help improve your kid’s coding skills with the Wonder Workshop Dash robot.

This helps them create anything they imagine in a fun way.

It responds to voice commands and is perfect for 6-year-olds and up.

Your child can play this solo or with the whole family.

We like that it comes with free mobile apps to allow the robot to sing, draw, and move around.

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10. Climate Change, Global Warming, Lab - STEM Toys

The kit will help you understand how the weather works.

Weather is the state of the atmosphere at a particular place during a short period. [1]

Conducting experiments is easy with the 4M Weather Science Kit.

This toy helps kids learn the water cycle, make clouds, and experiment with static electricity, which causes lightning.

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11. Crystal Growing Kit for Kids

The Crystal Growing Kit is one of the fun and engaging science experiments to try if your kid is into crystals.

This kit allows your kid to grow three different crystal formations from three chemicals.

This STEM toy also fosters your child’s creativity as it allows them to paint their own crystal display stage.

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12. Math for Love Prime Climb

Put your child’s Math skills to test with the Math for Love Prime Club game board set.

This game is for pre-teens, but even adults will enjoy playing this.

Prime cards are included with challenging games to master multiplication, division, and factorization.

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13. Wooden Ferris Wheel DIY Model Kits

This educational toy allows you to foster your kids’ creativity and imagination.

Kids build a colorful ride that works.

It provides hands-on learning of world application by building erector sets using 3d puzzles, motor, and snap circuits for kids.

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14. Snap Circuits LIGHT Electronics Exploration Kit

Snap Circuits Light Electronics Exploration Kit is a fun and engaging hands-on learning experience to learn electronic skills.

It also allows your child to learn how to construct working circuits and fiber optics.

These projects challenge your child to be creative.

This game is also available in Snap Circuits Jr.

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15. Solar Robot Kit for Kids

One of the fun ways of learning science is using educational toys.

The Solar Robot Kit is a great STEM toy for your kid who loves building robots.

This kit can make six working models, including a Dog, Space Station, Shuttle, Explorer, Space Rover, and Astronaut.

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Buying Guide

buying guide

Safety

It’s important to read through all the warnings and labels on a toy before buying it to ensure your child’s safety. Check if there are any sharp edges or pointy parts on the toy. Check if any tiny parts might come off the toy and pose a choking hazard for your child.

Educational Value

Toys for kids that provide educational value are important for a child’s development because they provide a creative outlet for kids that may not be found in other areas of their life. They also teach kids valuable lessons about sharing, taking turns, and being patient while waiting for their turn.

Specialized Tools & Equipment Required

While educational toys can help your kid’s learning, some toys need special equipment to build them. Some need screws and other materials to complete building robots. Others need additional materials not included in an experiment kit. Before buying STEM-related toys, ensure that you can get the special materials needed.

Eco-Friendly

Some parents want to make sustainable choices, including the toy they buy for their kids. Buying an eco-friendly STEM toy reduces plastic consumption in their households. An eco-friendly toy is also safe for kids because they use non-toxic materials and paints. Parents can opt for a plastic-free design or a toy made from sustainable materials.

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Recommended Age

Age recommendations are usually based on the developmental level of the child. This means that they should be able to play with the toy without any difficulties, but they should also learn something new while playing with it. A toy should always be age-appropriate, so check the recommended age group before buying it.

Supervision Requirements

Parents should also be aware of the necessary supervision requirements for safe play. There are different types of toys and different supervision requirements for each kind. For example, adults should supervise kids when playing with a toy that uses sharp points or edges. This toy can cause injury, cuts, and other potential hazards without proper supervision.

FAQS

Yes, STEM toys are good for kids. They stimulate their natural curiosity and help develop their cognitive and motor skills. They are also a great way to get kids interested in science and engineering. They promote learning and help kids develop skills that will be useful in the future.

You can show them how STEM is relevant to their everyday lives. For example, when teaching kids about engineering, you could show them how bridges are built and why they need to be strong. When you introduce STEM to kids, it is crucial to make sure they are interested in the topic. 

There are many age groups for STEM toys. Some are for toddlers, some are for kids aged 6-12, and some are for teens. There is no specific age that is appropriate to buy a STEM toy. The decision should be based on the child’s interests, development level, and the parent’s preferences.

STEM subjects are important for children because they provide a solid foundation for the future. It helps them develop skills required in the future, such as creativity, problem-solving, and communication. STEM subjects also help kids discover more about the world around them and understand the environment.

Wrapping Up

STEM toys are a fun way to stimulate the minds of the kids. These toys and games can help develop STEM skills related to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. They also allow kids to explore their creativity and develop problem-solving skills.

The first thing you should consider when choosing a toy for your nine-year-old is what they are interested in. Maybe a robot kit would be best for them if they are into robotics. 

The best toys for your kids should be age-appropriate, educational, and fun. They should also offer various opportunities for learning and exploring their skills.

Thank you for reading this far! I hope that the information provided in this article will be helpful to you.

OUR # 1 Recommendation

Gravity Maze Marble Run Brain Game and STEM Toy

Best Lab Notebook

10 Best Lab Notebooks: Practical Guide (2023 Updated)

A scientific experiment is a crucial process and having a trusty scientific notebook for your Life Science classes is essential to document the detailed development of your experiments.

If you’re looking for great birthday presents or a Christmas gift to give to a science student, we searched for the best lab notebook that can serve as your special gift!

OUR #1 RATED

Student Lab Notebook: 100 Spiral Bound

OUR #2 RATED

Barbakem Scientific Lab Notebook

OUR #3 RATED

BookFactory Student Lab Notebook (Scientific Grid Format)

Top 10 Lab Notebooks of 2023

1. Student Lab Notebook: 100 Spiral Bound

A lab notebook serves as a permanent record for experiments and a reference for scientists for continuous study [1].

While a regular notebook can be used for taking down notes, the Student Lab Notebook offers notable features that can effectively protect scientific documentation.

This scientific notebook has a laminated front and back cover or archival quality, 100 carbonless pages with perforated copy pages, chronologically numbered, and a premium thick paper.

It also has a foldable back cover to prevent bleeding between pages and scientific reference information.

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2. Barbakem Scientific Lab Notebook

This lab notebook is the most recommended to use by ChemistryHall.com, offering almost all the standard features that you can look for.

It contains 100 carbonless pages with a perforated copy page and is consecutively numbered while the top page remains.

For clarity, it measures 11 x 9 x 1 inch with ¼ inch graph paper, white top, and copy page.

Also, it has a spiral-bound laminated front and back cover with scientific reference information.

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3. BookFactory Student Lab Notebook (Scientific Grid Format)

Scientific research won’t be verified true without keeping good records or proving how the outcome was obtained [2].

Thus, we recommend this notebook that is produced using acid-free paper!

BookFactory features a durable translucent cover with Wire O Bind, and the book lies flat when opened!

It measures 8.5 x 11 inches with ¼ inches grid format and can be with or without a copy page.

Also, it has an acid-free paper of archival quality and comes with a “Notebook Guidelines” page and a “User Data” page.

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4. Rediform National Engineering and Science Notebook

An ideal Chemistry lab notebook, the Rediform National features a simple yet academically designed gray cover.

It has a College Ruling with margin-facing pages and 10 x 10 quad ruling on the back pages.

It measures 11 x 8.5 inches, has 60 sheets, 120 pages, spiral-bound, with white paper and a blue ruling.

This notebook is recommended as a scientific notebook and is perfect even for Engineering students to make design mock-ups easier.

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5. Book Factory Biology Lab Notebook

Another recommended Science notebook features a durable translucent cover and Biology-related design and is proudly produced by BookFactory – a Veteran-owned firm in Ohio, USA.

It measures 8.5 x 11 inches and has ¼ inch grid format with Wire O binding, so the book lies flat when opened.

In addition, it is available with or without a carbonless duplicate, has a perforated copy page containing a “Duplicate” watermark, and has fully formatted and numbered pages.

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6. iScholar Composition Book

The iScholar Composition Book features a black marble cover, and its firm binding ensures pages have a tight band and is ideal even as an Engineering notebook.

It has a thick and heavy board back cover, with bright white and durable sewn pages.

It measures 9.75 x 7.5 inches in 5 x 5 graph ruling to easily draw any illustrations and contains 100 sheets per book.

Moreover, its inside covers contain a class schedule, contact list, multiplication table, and conversion tables.

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7. Organic Chemistry Notebook by Hayden – McNeil

While most laboratory notebooks on this list almost offer the same features, this product has an Organic Chemistry cover design and is ideal for related professions. It has a laminated front and back cover containing the latest periodic table.

This lab notebook has 100 carbonless duplicate sets and a foldable back cover to prevent bleeding from the wettest fountain pen inks.

Furthermore, the cover has reference information, including Mass Spectral Interpretation Guide, abbreviations, solvents, and acidity-related equations.

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8. Scientific Notebook Company Research Laboratory Notebook

This lab notebook is ideal for long storage, offering a company flush trimmed cover with Smyth sewn pages.

It has a black imitation leather cover and can be used as a research notebook with an issuance page, an instruction page, and table of contents pages.

Its page dimensions are 9.25 x 11.5 inches, containing 192 pages with a ¼ grid and signature blocks.

Also, this laboratory notebook is available in red, burgundy, green, matte black, and blue imitation leather cover.

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9. BookFactory Lab Notebook/Laboratory Notebook

This professional-grade laboratory notebook comes in hardbound with a black and burgundy imitation leather cover.

It has foil stamped borders and lettering and is FSC Certified.

This notebook measures 8 x 10 inches with a ¼ inches grid format, and BookFactory stated that they proudly produce this product from Ohio, USA.

Also, it contains a User Data page and Documentation Guidelines page.

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10. Book Factory Scientific Lab Notebook

This laboratory notebook is also proudly produced by BookFactory in Ohio, USA.

It is Smyth sewn, so the book lies flat when opened.

It is also tamper-evident with archival quality acid-free paper and an imitation leather cover in black, blue, red, burgundy, and green.

It measures 8 ⅞ x 11 ¼ inches with a ¼ inches grid format and is a hardbound book durably coated to protect its contents page.

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Buying Guide

buying guide

Number of Pages

One of the top things to consider when buying a lab notebook is its purpose. In short, the number of pages that it contains, both top and copy page, should cover the entire activity or experiment to be conducted. 

For instance, if you’re conducting basic research, you may opt to use 60 to 100 pages. For longer studies, you can go for 240 to 312 pages.

Paper Quality 

Considering that experiments or research can be mind-boggling, jotting down notes or creating tables can be time-consuming. So when choosing a laboratory notebook, make sure to buy the one with the best quality and longer lifespan, and if you can, opt for those offering acid-free archival paper that can last from 20 up to 1000 years.

Size

Choosing the ideal size of a laboratory notebook also matters. Most brands offer a standard size of 8.5 x 11 inches, similar to the dimension of a short bond paper. However, other manufacturers offer a bit smaller or larger size. 

Thus, it depends on the user whether to go for the size standard or opt for a smaller or larger notebook, as the decision relies on their preferences.

Durability

A lab notebook can be used for different purposes like applying for funding from an organization, as a reference for questions about an experiment, and for other researchers to study [3]. Thus, it should be built with durable materials from the outer cover to the page binding to ensure that the documents can last for years and serve their purpose.

With or Without Hardcover?

Another important thing to consider before purchasing a lab notebook is whether to use a softbound or a hardcover. Although others prefer to use the one without hardcover, it is ideal to purchase a hardbound book if you’re planning to store it for the years to come. Take note that hardcovers protect the pages, thereby extending the lifespan of a notebook. 

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With or Without Pocket & Pen Holder?

In terms of convenience, a pocket and pen holder are ideal if you’re constantly moving during an experiment or research. It helps keep things organized and handy as you can have everything in the notebook related to the specific experiment. 

However, continuous use of the pocket may cause further damage to the cover. Thus, if you’re looking to store the notebook, you may opt for a laboratory notebook without a pocket and pen holder.

Refillable 

Conducting research and experiments is quite unpredictable, especially if you’re studying new findings or developing ideas. That’s why it is ideal to use refillable laboratory notebooks to ensure that you can document everything, especially if any changes occur or new hypotheses are made. 

In addition, a refillable notebook can help organize in one place all the relevant information regarding your experiment.

Aesthetic

Yes, an electronic laboratory notebook should be handy and nice; nothing beats having a well-designed lab notebook in your hand. It is best to go for lab books that suit your both your taste and needs. 

There are varying design covers, like a fully laminated or clear cover or a hardbound with patterns and different colors. Furthermore, it is ideal for legal and storing purposes to have a laboratory notebook that looks professionally bound. 

Leaf Format

The leaf format is important in a laboratory notebook. It should be numbered to organize the documents perfectly and have scientific grid format page dimensions for creating graphs or other illustrations. 

For instance, if your purpose is to jot down notes, one with a college ruling is recommended. Meanwhile, grid ruling is ideal for making illustrations in Organic Chemistry. It is best to go for a scientific notebook that has both formats.

Price

The price matters when buying a laboratory notebook. Since different brands and products offer varying features, the price will differ. 

However, the price should match the features that the lab books offer. It usually ranges from around $5 to $25, and anything beyond that may be too expensive, especially if it also has the same features as the others. 

A spiral-bound one is pricier than sewn pages as you can refill them, saving you more money than buying another scientific notebook. 

FAQS

Since laboratory notebooks are produced for documentation of experiments and the like, it is mostly utilized by scientists, researchers, chemistry students, math students, and lab assistants. It helps them keep track of their work, promotes note-taking efficiency, and is tamper-evident as it contains numbered pages.

Yes, lab notebooks are legal documents that serve as a permanent record of a research or experiment’s work development and outcome. It can be used for legal purposes such as patent filing and protection, copyright claims, and evidence for formal investigation due to scientific delinquency [4].

And the #1 Lab Notebook is...

While having an electronic lab notebook may seem ideal, having the standard lab notebook with an elastic pen loop is cheaper and more reliable than an electronic notebook. After hours of research and testing, we came to the conclusion that the Student Lab Notebook is the best laboratory notebook in the market!

Our team considered it one of the best laboratory notebooks as it contains pollution-free carbonless pages without extra carbon paper. Although it does not have a user data page, it is ideal for group or solo research and has page protection from most pens. 

Whether you’re looking to use it for your Math class or as a duplicate laboratory notebook, this brand would definitely provide you with value for your money!

Thank you for reading this far! I hope that the information provided in this article will be helpful to you.

OUR # 1 Recommendation

Student Lab Notebook: 100 Spiral Bound

Best Chemistry Set For Adults

10 Best Chemistry Sets For Adults (2023 Updated)

Learning chemistry isn’t only for budding scientists. Regardless of age, you can equip yourself with useful chemistry knowledge through hands-on fun experiments!

If you’re looking for the best chemistry kits in the market, then you’re in the right place. Our team spent 72 hours researching and testing the best chemistry set for adults!

OUR #1 RATED

Kids Science Kit

OUR #2 RATED

Discovery Extreme Chemistry STEM Science Kit

OUR #3 RATED

Thames & Kosmos Chemistry Chem C500

Top 10 Chemistry Sets for Adults

1. Kids Science Kit

Don’t be fooled by the naming convention; this Learn & Climb kids science kit is designed for kids, but older people may enjoy all the same.

With 65 chemical reactions within, you will surely discover your passion for experimenting and learning chem while enjoying! 

The kit consists of a manual and an instructional DVD to guide you throughout.

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2. Discovery Extreme Chemistry STEM Science Kit

This chemistry kit is directed towards audiences interested in compounds discovery and chemical reactions.

Unlike other kits, the age requirement for this is higher, so this set for grown-ups is sure to propel your learning more than other chemistry sets.

It contains around 40 color-science fun experimental procedures and supplementary lab equipment and chemicals.

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3. Thames & Kosmos Chemistry Chem C500

Thames & Kosmos is one of the leading brands in producing science kits, so rest assured you’re in the right hands with this one.

The C500 is an introductory chemistry kit that deals with matter (solid, liquid, gas), acids & bases.

It’s one of the best chemistry sets where oldies and children start to learn chem from square one. Plus, they clearly explain the instructions and the science behind each experiment!

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4. Thames & Kosmos Chem C1000 (V 2.0)

This chemistry kit from Thames & Kosmos is an upgrade from the C500.

Parent’s Choice Foundation even dubbed it one of the best chemistry sets for kids and grown-ups.

This complete chemistry set is a more advanced version, with all the experiments amounting to 125.

Contrary to the C500, this kit focuses more on food items as the main ingredient, so be prepared to transform your kitchen into a home lab!

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5. Happy Atoms Magnetic Molecular Modeling Complete Set

Understanding atomic structures are critical when studying chemistry.

The Happy Atoms chemistry set is one of the most revolutionary chemistry kits for this intended purpose.

You get a 50-atom set to bond and create molecules out of the box. The complete Happy Atoms set is stored in a drawstring bag for easy portability.

Happy Atoms is a premium-class chemical bonding chemistry set no matter the age!

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6. Thames & Kosmos Chem C3000 (V 2.0) Chemistry Set

This Thames & Kosmos chemistry science kit is the closest to a complete professional learning kit. Although it does come at a high price, you still get a great bang for your buck here.

This kit includes 333 experimental procedures with extremely premium equipment and materials. The concepts discussed inside this Thames & Kosmos kit are for more advanced learning, so it’s not suited for a child’s age of 11 and below.

Some topics include organic chemistry, electrochemical reactions, and electrolysis.

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7. Elenco Edu-Toys Chemistry Lab

Elenco has produced some of the best science kits for kids.

This time around, they released a chemistry kit that beats all others in terms of included equipment.

Having sufficient tools is necessary for learning, so this complete set contains never-before-seen devices like an alcohol burner, test tubes, and goggles.

Plus, the safe-tested 80 experiments hope to keep a child safe from harm.

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8. MindWare Science Academy: Bubble, Fizz & Foam Ultimate Chemistry Lab

If you’re into chemical equations and reactions that lead to fizzy, bubbly results, this is the chemistry kit for you.

Using the kit, you can conduct crystal growing experiments, fun fizzy results, and color science — of course, while keeping things highly educational.

The included lab station makes anywhere you do experimental procedures, your own lab.

Concepts are basic, and even a child could grasp the embedded learning.

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9. Cherish XT Home Distiller

This chemistry kit is unlike any other. It’s one of the cheapest yet most sophisticated home distillers in the world for advanced chemists.

You can use this chemistry set for distillation, purification, and synthesis. It’s not one of those introductory chemistry sets for a budding scientist. This is for experienced adults (or kids!) who enjoy learning more about the organic chemistry course and other topics related. 

All you need is a lab coat, and you’re a full-fledged chem whiz!

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10. WILD ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Test Tube Chemistry Lab

This chemistry set from Wild Environmental Science is the best chemistry kit out there if you want fully compliant and certified materials out of the box.

With the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act (CPSIA), you know the items are high quality.

The kit contains 50+ fun experiments that deal with learning green science (eco-friendly experiments), perfect for kids and adults alike. You get to use interesting molecules and metals like zinc and copper!

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Buying Guide

buying guide

Complexity Of The Experiment

When buying chemistry sets for adults, it’s smart to seek more advanced scientific kits containing complex experiments. Although research suggests that children are also equipped to understand complex concepts [1], grown-ups are better cognitively developed and would better appreciate a kit that appeals to their more advanced level of understanding. 

Number of Experiments Included

The best chemistry sets include a good deal of experimentations so more learning can be assimilated. Many short and simple experiments are ideal for a child’s age, while the older audiences would like more complicated ones. 

Having a few yet complex and challenging experiments wouldn’t be so bad either. What’s important is that the kit appeals to the cognitive needs of the user.

Levels Of Difficulty & Fun

It would take adults lesser time to learn chemistry than kids would. So an average to advanced level of difficulty for a kit is appropriate for older users. 

Most grown-ups wouldn’t classify “fun” as a parameter for selection, so there’s no imminent need, say, for a crystal-growing activity in the kit. What matters is the concept that the kit imparts.

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Included Equipment 

The number and types of equipment are inconsequential if the activities in the kit don’t require them. Most kids love more stacked inclusions, but only the necessary ones are required for older users. 

When looking for chemistry kits, search for those that utilize all the equipment mentioned in the kit.

Easy To Follow Procedure

Reading comprehension and metacognition is highly dependent on age [2]. While younger users may require more in-depth and clear-cut explanations and procedures, older people can understand procedures that might seem complex or fuzzy. 

So an easy-to-follow procedure is not necessarily required, but adult learners would better comprehend basic instructions for the experiments.

Easy to Understand Manual

Same with the procedure, a manual is ideal to be easily understandable so both kids and older users alike may comprehend the information more accessibly. Plus, a complete and colored manual helps in engagement. 

If an adult learner is new to chemistry, an easy-to-understand manual is ideal to supplement their understanding of the concepts.

Availability of Resources

What good is a chemistry science kit if the resources needed for experimenting are not readily available? 

In selecting the best chemistry sets above, we ensured that each one included resources for every experimentation in their manual. Otherwise, there is no point in the kit if state regulations would limit learners from obtaining the molecules or the reactants needed.

Some chemistry kits use common household items too, which is helpful.

Price

Naturally, the best chemistry set for adults are those that don’t break the bank. However, you have to expect a good value for money for more expensive chemistry sets. 

The price would highly depend on what experimental procedures are included, plus other perks like tools and manuals. The price rarely matters as long as the kit is a good bang for one’s buck, like Thames & Kosmos C3000.

FAQS

Yes, chemistry sets for kids can be used even by adult users. What matters is the knowledge these people can gain from using such kits. Although, chemistry sets appeal more to older learners if the concepts discussed are more complex and age-appropriate to the user.

Chemistry sets should contain children-friendly and non-hazardous chemicals like uranium dust and sodium cyanide [3]. A chem kit should contain instruction manuals for the various experiments included in the package, the necessary tools & reagents needed for those procedures, and safety gears, if possible.

Yes, you can set up your own Chem lab at home. All you need is ample space, a dedicated room, and a bunch of necessary tools, reagents, and equipment for your chemistry experiments. 

And the #1 Chemistry Set For Adults is…

Undoubtedly, the best chemistry set for adults is the Learn & Climb science kit. It sits perfectly between amply numbered experiments while being a good value for money. 

It’s not only the 65 diverse activities included that make it a great option, but all the supplementary perks to support a child or an adult learner’s chem learning. With this kit, adults are sure to learn chemistry without breaking the bank!

Thank you for reading this far! I hope that the information provided in this article will be helpful to you.

OUR # 1 Recommendation

Kids Science Kit

Best Science Kits For Teens

15 Best Science Kits for Teens: Full Reviews (2023 Updated)

The journey of raising a young scientist begins with getting kids interested in Science, and one great introduction to instill basic concepts to children is by using science kits!

Our team spent 72 hours researching and testing the best science kits for teens if you have a teenager in mind you wish to bask in Science’s wonders.

OUR #1 RATED

4M 5557 Crystal Growing Science Experimental Kit

OUR #2 RATED

NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC Magic Chemistry Set

OUR #3 RATED

LEGO Boost Creative Toolbox Fun Robot Building Set and Educational Coding Kit

Top 15 Science Kits For Teens

1. 4M 5557 Crystal Growing Science Experimental Kit

Science experiments are not only supposed to be educational but also aesthetic.

This crystal-growing kit is one of the best science gifts for your teens who are passionate about geology and the arts.

Let them grow crystals from scratch through the wonders of chemistry!

Using simple chemical reactions, watch the combination of ingredients become solid, display-worthy crystals — ideal for social media flaunting!

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2. NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC Magic Chemistry Set

Most chemistry kits teach kids technical concepts, but this National Geographic chemistry kit breaks the cycle by appealing to the wizards within teens!

Experience chemistry experiments like never before.

This set contains 10 magical seemingly magical tricks grounded on scientific principles—a splendid option especially for high school students who’ll perform in their talent show.

Awestruck the audience with the magic of STEM!

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3. LEGO Boost Creative Toolbox Fun Robot Building Set and Educational Coding Kit

Robot kits are the most popular STEM kits. [1] Some kids learn as they tinker with things, and if your teen shares the same trait, this is a great science gift. This creative toolbox LEGO kit specializes in teaching mechanical physics and programming to children.

Using LEGO bricks, teens can engage in 5 high-quality robot construction controlled using mobile devices.

Countless challenges and puzzles await once you access the app. Try to get Vernie to use his robotic arm!

This is an innovative kit that is perfect for your futuristic teens.

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4. Snap Circuits Light Electronics Exploration Kit

Wiring and electronics are essential skills that every child must master, and this electronics kit can get them there.

Snap Circuits specialize in creating science kits that teach electronic skills. This is their advanced version, and every project they tackle increases in difficulty. [2]

Unlike other circuit boards, the Snap Circuits version is disassemble-friendly.

This is why all the circuits amount to 175 science projects! All they need to do is wire-circuit boards with the right connections.

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5. National Geographic Dual LED Student Microscope Science Kit

For younger children and teens alike who are interested in exploring the microscopic world, this microscope kit from National Geographic is one of the best options to get. 

With dual microscope lenses, kids can see bizarre micro-mysteries up to 50x magnification.

Plus, you get to try the magnifying power out on the free microscope accessories like 10 prepared slides.

Also, children can track the life cycle of brine shrimp eggs in this biology kit!

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6. Abacus Brands Bill Nye's VR Science Kit and VR Space Lab

Bill Nye, the Science Guy, brings his passion to an innovative science kit that makes perfect science gifts for teens who follow him.

This VR science kit introduces this wonderful world to kids through the eyes of Science.

The package includes an informative 154 info-packed instruction book that houses tons of learning.

For a more immersive experience, you may get a VR to watch the book in action through a mobile device.

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7. Elenco Deluxe Learn to Solder Kit

Introduce teens on how they can operate printed circuit boards using soldering tools.

What a great way to reel teens into metalworking!

A clear and detailed manual will walk kids through how to use the soldering electronics kit.

They can explore and be creative on using the station, but adult supervision is advised, especially for untrained teens and newbies.

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8. 4M Kidzlabs Anti Gravity Magnetic Levitation Science Kit

Science fiction depicts anti-gravity in the most mind-boggling ways, but this kit allows teens to star in their own movies by playing with anti-gravity magnetic levitation themselves!

Unleash the mad scientist within them through this mechanical physics kit.

Whether they’re looking to make a pencil float or levitate a screw, teens can do it as long as it ties with magnetism!

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9. Playz My First Coding & Computer Science Kit

Kid computer scientific kits are gaining popularity among kids nowadays, and taking one of the top spots is this coding kit from Playz.

If you want to raise a budding computer scientist, a coding kit like this is one of the best ones to get.

It’s loaded with value as the package contains 30+ tools and ingredients for your teenager’s learning.

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CONS

10. Thames & Kosmos My Robotic Pet - Tumbling Hedgehog

When your teenager has gotten tired of building Legos, how about you ask them to build a robot?

Thames & Kosmos developed an assemble-able hedgehog robot that will get your teen challenged in building anything else, aside from their own sets of Lego bricks.

The resulting Thames & Kosmos hedgehog ranger robot is clap-operated for an extra fun experience!

It rolls, curls, and tumbles like an actual hedgehog. Want a pet but can’t get one? Buy this science kit instead!

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11. Thames & Kosmos Chem C1000

Thames & Kosmos brings their twist to chemistry sets with the C1000.

It’s not your regular chemistry kit that’s all about fun and games.

This teaches teens how to handle lab equipment while instilling chemistry concepts properly.

With 125 fun experiments, investigate food science in relation to the physiology of the human body. 

P.S. Thames & Kosmos calls this their beginner’s complete chemistry set!

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12. Thames & Kosmos Physics Workshop

Einstein began his fascination with Science at the age of 6.

Want to raise another prodigy?

Then you can try this Thames & Kosmos physics workshop!

With more than 300 building pieces, teens can explore building windmills, cranes, and rail cars, to name a few, while teaching fundamental physics lessons.

This Thames & Kosmos physics workshop is a great science kit where teens can create science toys with only their imagination as the limit.

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13. Stopmotion Explosion HD Animation Kit

Science kits do not only revolve around a basic kit that teaches STEM concepts – even animation can be considered an artful class of Science!

This Stopmotion kit is unique among all the kits and STEM toys.

Let kids capture breath-taking stop-motion animation with a low-profile full HD camera and let their imagination take over as they create custom animation armatures!

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14. Makeblock mBot Ranger Transformable

Robot kits and programming tools are separate things, but the Makeblock kit converges each creative toolbox into one awesome toy!

This high-quality kit teaches kids programming using Arduino C language or Scratch software while an app allows them to control the bots.

If you have a Comp Sci passionate child, then this is one of the best scientific gifts for teens!

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15. Thames & Kosmos Architectural Engineering Kit

Thames & Kosmos do not only excel in making chemistry sets, but their engineering and architecture kit also takes Legos to a whole new level. 

Build up to 20 amazing structures and real-world buildings through the 308 pieces provided out of the box.

A 44-page manual guides the teens as they explore the world of engineering.

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Buying Guide

buying guide

Interest

The best science kits for teens are the ones that resonate with your child’s interests and preferences. Before buying one, make sure you know what they’re passionate about so they’ll be more motivated to go through the kit. Say, if they like solutions or Harry Potter, a chemistry kit might be the best choice.

Level of Expertise/Knowledge in Science

Although a science kit is meant to teach basic science concepts, a certain level of background knowledge is imperative to optimize the learning experience. The purpose of STEM kits is to reinforce their learning on a subject. So it’s ideal for kids with no background on subjects to focus on basic STEM playthings before they try more advanced kits out.

Branch of Science

Some branches are more complicated than others, and you must also consider this when choosing what science kit to get your child. For instance, a biology kit may only deal with microscopy and exploration that incites curiosity, while a programming kit requires critical thinking and knowledge of programming languages. 

This means that buying this for young children might be reconsidered. Ask your teenager about their preferred scientific branch to gain a better insight. [3]

Included Equipment

As long as the included equipment for the science experiments is available, then there should be no issues. Although sometimes, a science kit requires separate ingredients or chemicals, and certain states restrict said chemicals.

In cases as such, steer clear from kits that ask you to buy separate ingredients and go for those that include all the needed equipment for the experiments.

Easy To Understand Manual

A clear manual is a must, especially if the target of STEM kits are children and younger teens, as this makes the learning process and instruction-following more manageable. Moreover, consider their gross and fine motor skills when searching for kits to buy as this will highly affect how they use the toy. [4]

Famous STEM toy companies like National Geographic and Thames & Kosmos give the best instruction manuals in their kits which other toy companies should follow.

Availability of Necessary Resource Materials

Most science toys include all the necessary resources to fulfill all activities included in the package. For some instances where external resources are needed, companies usually provide links to supplement learning. If toys don’t include all the necessary and complementary resources, then that’s a red flag to watch out for.

Always read reviews and the product pages to be up-to-date on customers’ thoughts and perceptions of the product.

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Number of Activities

Ideally, your kit should contain as many activities as possible for the learning to be continuous and consistent. Although, few activities are acceptable as long as they’re descriptive, comprehensive, and lengthy to finish. Look for activities that promote hands-on learning, as these are more effective in getting children engaged. 

Durability

Durability is a key pillar when selecting STEM toys. Given children’s naughty and active nature, there is a likelihood that toys get destroyed easily from mishandling. Choose toys with premium or at least high-quality builds. 

Avoid plastic as much as possible, especially in toys for younger, choking hazard-prone kids. However, plastic is considered safe for perfectly conscious teenagers during play.

Affordability

Ideally, cheaper toys are better since they can help you save more money. However, the price influences the quality of materials that you get out of the box most of the time. 

“Things with interesting parts and well-made tools will go so much farther than a big box of cheap stuff.” — Douglas Bowker, Animator 

The best thing to do is to find the balance between price and quality. An expensive yet effective science kit is so much more valuable than cheap, ineffective toys.

How To Inspire Teens To Learn Science

Inspiring teens can be a tedious task if you don’t have the right tools and the right approach. The best way to get teens involved in STEM is to make them see its relevance and importance in their lives.

Using tools like a STEM kit or toy may also kickstart their scientific investigation as long as the devices are age-appropriate, cognitively engaging, and somehow speaks to their interest or preferences. 

Parental influence is also instrumental in motivating teens to pursue scientific careers.

FAQS

Learning Science gives them a clear trend edge and mastery over others who aren’t inclined in scientific fields. In today’s day and age, kids are more engaged in STEM than the previous generations ever were. This level of inclination to innovative technology piques teenagers’ interest to stay up to date with the latest tech developments.

The best STEM kits to buy teenagers are those that are age-appropriate to their level of understanding, kits that pique their interest and curiosity, and those that motivate them to engage in further scientific inquiry post-kit exploration. Today, where tech innovation leads the industry, robot or programming kits are the best options for kids and teens.

And the #1 Science Kit For Teens is…

With a combination of scientific exploration in chemistry, tasteful aesthetics, and affordability, one of the best science kits for teens is the Crystal Growing Science Experimental Kit! This kit consists of 7 chemistry experiments and a display dome where your teens can showcase their completed projects. 

Not only do you increase a teen’s knowledge of chemistry, but they also produce a tasteful art display they can flaunt to their friends. Indeed, it’s an ideal STEM kit for artsy high schoolers and adults, too!

Thank you for reading this far! I hope that the information provided in this article will be helpful to you.

OUR # 1 Recommendation

4M 5557 Crystal Growing Science Experimental Kit

NO2 Lewis Structure

NO2 Lewis Structure: Complete Guide (2023 Updated)

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) is one of the covalent compounds containing a central nitrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom and double-bonded to another oxygen atom. 

Our team spent a few hours researching to give you information about the NO2 Lewis structure.

Understanding The NO2 Lewis Structure

One nitrogen atom and two oxygen atoms make up nitrogen dioxide. [1] Nitrogen belongs to group 15 elements in the periodic table with five valence electrons, while the oxygen atom has six electrons.

The nitrogen atom is in the center, surrounded by Oxygen atoms. We’ll now use dot structures to encircle the electrons with valence electrons. There are 17 valence electrons in the Lewis structure of NO2 – with an unpaired electron that is not stable because of the odd number of electrons. 

Because we have a triatomic atom, our structure will contain a center atom connected to terminal atoms. After the central atom selection, you can now assign lone pairs to the atoms. Atoms need to achieve octet as covalent bonds are formed when atoms share their valence electrons with other atoms.

NO2 Lewis Structure

How To Draw The Lewis Structure of NO2

  • Calculate the total number of valence electrons. one nitrogen atom. Two oxygen atoms make up nitrogen dioxide. The valence shell of Nitrogen has five electrons, while in the valence shell of an oxygen atom, there are six electrons. Resulting in a total number of 17 valence electrons.
  • Draw the compound’s atomic structure. The least electronegative atom in greater compounds is the center atom. 
  • Assign lone pairs to the atoms. The illustration already has two N-O bonds. So six valence pairs remain.
  • Label the six valence pairs as lone pairs. Oxygen will take three lone pairs. According to the Octet Rule, atoms need to form bonds until they reach eight valence electrons. 
  • Assemble electron pairs such that each atom has at least one single bond. Form two single bonds, one for each atom. 
  • Place the remaining electrons. Move electron pairs around to establish triple or double bonds until the atom completes the octet rule. A double bond is formed when an unbonded pair from one oxygen atom is transferred to Nitrogen.

Its Properties & Structure

Its Properties & Structure

Hybridization

NO2 hybridizes with sp2. Nitrogen dioxide has two sigma bonds and a single electron. 

Because NO2 has 17 valence electrons, it is an odd-electron system. The central atom N has less charge than the central atom O.

As a result, N has a ‘+’ charge. As a result, the oxidation state is positive, and the lone electron will participate in the hybridization process. As a result, NO2 hybridization is sp2.

Molecular Geometry

According to the VSEPR theory, The molecular structure of NO2 (Nitrogen Dioxide) is bent. However, there are a few exclusions in this case. There are two bonded pairs and an unpaired electron in the Lewis structure for NO2. 

When we examine the nitrate ion NO2-, we notice that it contains two bond pairs, one lone pair of electrons. As a result, NO2 has a bond angle of around 134 degrees. Around 1.20 Å is the bond length.

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Polarity

A nitrogen atom has an electronegativity of 3.04, while the oxygen atom is 3.44.

This value indicates a difference in the electronegativity of the two atomic elements.

Although the distinction is fairly small, the asymmetrical bent molecular structure generates the net dipole moment, making nitrogen dioxide polar. 

Bond Angle

The electronic form of NO2 is rather unusual. It’s more appropriately defined as a resonance hybrid of two structures, one of which includes a nitrogen atom with an odd electron. And due to the presence of an unpaired electron, Nitrogen dioxide is a free radical. The angles have been established experimentally to be 134 degrees.

MO Diagram for NO2

The Molecular Orbital Theory is a quantum mechanics hypothesis describing chemical bonding inside molecules. When you examine the electron configuration of nitrogen and oxygen atoms on the VSEPR chart, the two electrons of 1s2 in the Nitrogen atom are involved. Each of the oxygen atoms contributes two lone pairs.

The leftover electrons form the 2px, 2py, 2pz, and *2s in the p orbitals of Nitrogen and oxygen atoms. 

FAQS

The molecular geometry of NO2 is trigonal planar. A double bond links nitrogen and oxygen. For electron pair geometry, the molecule has three electron pairs. Because it has an additional electron after interacting with oxygen atoms, Nitrogen has a negative charge. But, what’s the difference between molecular geometry and electron pair geometry?

There are two lewis structures in NO2. The multiple Lewis structures are referred to as resonance structures when many Lewis structures can represent the same molecule. [2]

There are 17 valence electrons in the Lewis structure of NO2. It’s unusual for a Lewis structure to contain an odd quantity of valence electrons. Compared to the nitrite ion (nitrous acid), NO2 has unpaired electrons in its Lewis structure than the nitrite ion, while NO2 has one lone pair in the nitrogen atom.

Key Takeaways

NO2 contains three pairs of electrons surrounding the nitrogen atom for molecular structure. The one-electron allows the two connecting oxygen atoms to stretch out to a 134 angle.

We use Lewis structure (Lewis dot structure) to understand the chemical bonds, the number of lone pairs, whether double or triple bonds, and how many electrons are in NO2 molecules.

Thank you for reading this far! I hope that the information provided in this article will be helpful to you.

References:

  1. https://www.epa.gov/no2-pollution/basic-information-about-no2
  2. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/formal-charge-and-resonance/